During preparation, the liver, ovaries, and intestines—which contain the highest concentration of toxins—must be carefully removed.
Its consumption is a culturally significant culinary tradition, demonstrating how humans often embrace risk for flavor, experience, or prestige.
Hidden Neurotoxin: Starfruit
Starfruit, or carambola, is generally safe for healthy individuals, but it contains neurotoxins that can be dangerous for people with kidney disease.
In those with impaired kidney function, these toxins accumulate in the bloodstream, leading to confusion, seizures, and even death. Early warning signs may appear within hours and include hiccups, vomiting, fatigue, or weakness.
For those without kidney issues, starfruit is a nutritious and flavorful fruit. Its high vitamin C content, antioxidants, and potassium make it a healthy addition to the diet.
However, for people with renal problems, consumption can be extremely dangerous. This contrast underscores how a food that is safe for most can be deadly for a vulnerable population.

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